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The transtheoretical model of behavior change is an integrative theory of therapy that assesses an individuals readiness to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to guide the individual. The model is composed of constructs such as stages of change, processes of change, levels of change, self efficacy, and decisional balance. The transtheoretical model is also known by the abbreviation TTM2 and sometimes by the term stages of change,34 although this latter term is a synecdoche since the stages of change are only one part of the model along with processes of change, levels of change, etc. Several self help booksChanging for Good 1. Changeology 2. 01. Changing to Thrive 2. It has been called arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change, having received unprecedented research attention, yet it has simultaneously attracted criticism. History and core constructseditJames O. Rucksack Keygen Software here. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model beginning in 1. It is based on analysis and use of different theories of psychotherapy, hence the name transtheoretical. Prochaska and colleagues refined the model on the basis of research that they published in peer reviewed journals and books. Stages of changeeditThis construct refers to the temporal dimension of behavioural change. In the transtheoretical model, change is a process involving progress through a series of stages 1. Precontemplation not ready People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and can be unaware that their behaviour is problematicContemplation getting ready People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic, and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actionsPreparation ready People are intending to take action in the immediate future, and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour changenb 1Action People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behavioursMaintenance People have been able to sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent relapseTermination Individuals have zero temptation and they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of copingnb 2In addition, the researchers conceptualized Relapse recycling which is not a stage in itself but rather the return from Action or Maintenance to an earlier stage. The quantitative definition of the stages of change see below is perhaps the most notorious feature of the model. However it is also one of the most critiqued, even in the field of smoking cessation, where it was originally formulated. It has been said that such quantitative definition i. Communication theorist and sociologist Everett Rogers suggested that the stages of change are analogues of the stages of the innovation adoption process in Rogers theory of diffusion of innovations. Details of each stageeditStage. Precontemplation. Contemplation. Preparation. Action. Maintenance. Relapse. Standard timemore than 6 monthsin the next 6 monthsin the next monthnowat least 6 monthsany time. Stage 1 Precontemplation not ready61. People at this stage do not intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future within 6 months, and may be unaware of the need to change. Driver Console To Usb here. People here learn more about healthy behavior they are encouraged to think about the pros of changing their behavior and to feel emotions about the effects of their negative behavior on others. Precontemplators typically underestimate the pros of changing, overestimate the cons, and often are not aware of making such mistakes. One of the most effective steps that others can help with at this stage is to encourage them to become more mindful of their decision making and more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior. Stage 2 Contemplation getting readyAt this stage, participants are intending to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months. While they are usually now more aware of the pros of changing, their cons are about equal to their Pros. This ambivalence about changing can cause them to keep putting off taking action. People here learn about the kind of person they could be if they changed their behavior and learn more from people who behave in healthy ways. Others can influence and help effectively at this stage by encouraging them to work at reducing the cons of changing their behavior. Stage 3 Preparation readyPeople at this stage are ready to start taking action within the next 3. They take small steps that they believe can help them make the healthy behavior a part of their lives. For example, they tell their friends and family that they want to change their behavior. People in this stage should be encouraged to seek support from friends they trust, tell people about their plan to change the way they act, and think about how they would feel if they behaved in a healthier way. Their number one concern is when they act, will they fail They learn that the better prepared they are, the more likely they are to keep progressing. Stage 4 Action current actionPeople at this stage have changed their behavior within the last 6 months and need to work hard to keep moving ahead. These participants need to learn how to strengthen their commitments to change and to fight urges to slip back. People in this stage progress by being taught techniques for keeping up their commitments such as substituting activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones, rewarding themselves for taking steps toward changing, and avoiding people and situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways. Stage 5 Maintenance monitoringPeople at this stage changed their behavior more than 6 months ago. Ibis Computer Program on this page. It is important for people in this stage to be aware of situations that may tempt them to slip back into doing the unhealthy behaviorparticularly stressful situations. It is recommended that people in this stage seek support from and talk with people whom they trust, spend time with people who behave in healthy ways, and remember to engage in healthy activities to cope with stress instead of relying on unhealthy behavior. Relapse recycling2. Relapse in the TTM specifically applies to individuals who successfully quit smoking or using drugs or alcohol, only to resume these unhealthy behaviors. Individuals who attempt to quit highly addictive behaviors such as drug, alcohol, and tobacco use are at particularly high risk of a relapse. Achieving a long term behavior change often requires ongoing support from family members, a health coach, a physician, or another motivational source. Supportive literature and other resources can also be helpful to avoid a relapse from happening. Processes of changeeditThe 1. To progress through the early stages, people apply cognitive, affective, and evaluative processes. As people move toward Action and Maintenance, they rely more on commitments, conditioning, contingencies, environmental controls, and support. Prochaska and colleagues state that their research related to the transtheoretical model shows that interventions to change behavior are more effective if they are stage matched, that is, matched to each individuals stage of change.